WHAT IS ADHD

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects attention, impulsivity, and activity levels. It is commonly diagnosed in childhood but can continue into adulthood. Individuals with ADHD may struggle with focus, organization, time management, and impulse control.

ADHD is not just about being “hyper”—it presents in different ways, including inattentive (difficulty focusing), hyperactive-impulsive (restlessness, impulsivity), or a combination of both. While ADHD can pose challenges in daily life, with the right strategies, support, and treatment, individuals can thrive personally and professionally.

UNDERSTANDING ADHD

DSM-5 ADHD DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA

According to the DSM-5, ADHD is categorized into three presentations:

  1. Predominantly Inattentive Presentation:
    • Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play.
    • Frequent careless mistakes in schoolwork or work-related tasks.
    • Trouble organizing tasks and activities.
    • Easily distracted by extraneous stimuli.
    • Often forgetful in daily activities.
  2. Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation:
    • Fidgeting, tapping hands or feet, or an inability to remain seated when expected.
    • Talking excessively, interrupting conversations, or struggling with turn-taking.
    • Acting without considering consequences (impulsivity).
    • Restlessness and difficulty engaging in quiet activities.
  3. Combined Presentation:
    • Symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity are equally present.

For a formal ADHD diagnosis, symptoms:
✔ Must be present before age 12 (even if diagnosed later in life).
✔ Must persist for at least six months.
✔ Must occur in two or more settings (e.g., home, work, school).
✔ Must significantly interfere with social, academic, or occupational functioning.

Neurological Basis of ADHD

Research suggests ADHD is linked to differences in brain structure and function, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and dopamine pathways. These areas are responsible for executive functioning, which includes:

  • Attention regulation
  • Impulse control
  • Emotional regulation
  • Working memory

ADHD Across the Lifespan

Though often diagnosed in childhood, ADHD persists into adulthood in many individuals. Adult ADHD may manifest differently, with challenges in:

  • Time management & procrastination
  • Emotional dysregulation & impulsivity
  • Workplace difficulties & burnout
  • Relationship struggles due to forgetfulness or inattentiveness

Treatment & Support Strategies

✔ Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) – Helps improve executive functioning and self-regulation.
✔ Medication (Stimulants & Non-Stimulants) – Helps regulate neurotransmitter activity 
✔ Behavioral Interventions – Includes structured routines, time management strategies, and environmental modifications.
✔ Workplace Accommodations – Flexible schedules, noise-reducing workspaces, and task prioritization strategies.

Final Thoughts

ADHD is not simply about being “hyper” or “distracted”; it is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with distinct cognitive patterns. With proper support, individuals with ADHD can harness their strengths, such as creativity, hyperfocus, and innovative thinking, to succeed personally and professionally.